Issue 34
Articles
Muharrem CAN
Discussions on Planned Development in Türkiye and Foreign Trade Policies during the Associated Period
Abstract
In the early years of the Republic, Türkiye had a foreign trade deficit. The 1929 global economic crisis negatively affected the economy, and foreign trade shrank significantly. With the First Five-Year Industrial Plan implemented between 1933 and 1938, planned industrialisation was achieved, and the foreign trade deficit turned into a surplus. This policy continued in the first years of the Democratic Party, which came to power in 1950 but later adopted a protectionist policy. As a requirement of the foreign trade policy implemented during the planned development period between 1963 and 1980, the industry was protected and supported with various incentives. Until 1970, there was a balanced foreign trade outlook. However, the economic and political problems that emerged due to the oil crises, embargo, and the overvaluation of TL from time to time also negatively affected foreign trade. In fact, at the end of the 1970s, exports could not even meet oil imports. Later, with the January 24, 1980 decision, Türkiye adopted an export-based industrialisation policy, and the planned development period ended.
The study used a literature review and data analysis from 1963 to 1980. It is concluded that Türkiye adopted effective industrialisation policies and significantly boosted its industrial product exports during this timeframe. However, after a particular stage in implementing import substitution policies, the dependence on imports for production increased, as in some other countries. It is concluded that the failure to correct the foreign trade deficit, despite high remittances and convertible deposit practices, was one of the main reasons for the economic crisis in the 1970s.
01 - 14
Keywords: Import substitution industrialisation, remittances, planned development, convertible deposits, foreign trade.
Nihan SONGOR SAYILIR
Music Sharing and Copyright Infringements in the Digital Environment: A Legal and Technical Assessment
Abstract
The rapid expansion of digitaltechnologies and the internet has introduced new challenges in protectingintellectual property rights. In particular, the online sharing of music worksposes a significant issue concerning copyright infringements. This articleoutlines the general framework of intellectual property rights, examines theviolations encountered by rights holders in digital environments, and discussesthe existing legal regulations.
The study evaluates the impact ofonline sharing of music and MP3 exchange programs on intellectual propertyrights, analyzing the legal and technical measures that can be implemented toprevent such infringements. Within the framework of Turkish law, the articleexplores the rights of copyright holders, the liabilities of internet serviceproviders, and potential solutions to address these infringements.
It is emphasized that legalregulations alone are insufficient to prevent copyright violations in thedigital space and that technical measures must also be adopted. Solutions suchas Digital Rights Management (DRM), copy-protected CDs, and filtering systemsare discussed as effective methods to safeguard intellectual property rightsmore efficiently.
In conclusion, the articleunderscores the necessity of a comprehensive approach that combines legal,technical, and ethical measures to ensure the protection of intellectualproperty rights in the digital world. Additionally, it highlights theimportance of global cooperation in addressing cross-border infringementsfacilitated by the internet.
15 - 26
Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights, copyright infringements, Internet Law, sharing of music, management of Digital Rights
Abdullah Engin KOSAR,Ilke CIRITCI
Using Industrial Heritage as a Tool for Contributing to Local Rural Development
Abstract
Industrial heritage encompasses avariety of items such as manufacturing structures, railroads, mines and bridgesthat have been preserved since the industrial revolution and played animportant role in social development. The preservation of these structures notonly ensures that their physical existence is maintained, but also that asociety carries its cultural memory and ties with the past into the future.When re-functioned with the right strategies, such structures in rural areascan become an important resource contributing to local development. The focusof the study is to emphasize the importance of preserving and adaptive re-usingindustrial buildings in rural areas to support economic recovery and socialbenefits. Industrial heritage is a toolthat can contribute to each of the most important elements of ruraldevelopment, such as economic diversification, strengthening infrastructure,improving social services and environmental sustainability. By repurposingabandoned industrial areas, they can be revalued and become a point ofattraction for tourists, create employment opportunities and contributedirectly to the local economy. At the same time, the re-use of the buildinggroup, which takes place in the memory and local codes of the place, contributesgreatly to the transfer of memories of the local people living in that place tothe next generation and to keep the memory strong in this sense. This directconnection of the local people with the building group and the area strengthensthe belonging of the people to that place and allows them to increase theirinteraction with the region. In this study, the conservation processes ofindustrial heritage are examined and the contributions of stakeholders to theprocess are discussed. Successful conservation strategies make it possible totransfer this heritage to future generations and ensure sustainable developmentin rural areas. In the study, data was collected through literature review andqualitative observation. As a result of the data collected, it is aimed toprovide suggestions for the development of industrial heritage projects. It isaimed to draw attention to the cultural, economic and social transformationsthat such projects can create in rural areas and to raise awareness.
27 - 37
Keywords: Industrial Heritage, Architecture and Sustainability, Rural development.
Erhan KORKMAZ
The Role of Ethics in the Transformation of Medicine: Veganism, Health Practices and New Paradigms
Abstract
This studyexamines the relationship between veganism in modern medicine and traditionalhealing practices through a focus on health and ethical considerations. Aqualitative methodology was employed, involving semi-structured interviews with15 vegan participants and a subsequent thematic data analysis. The findingsindicate that veganism is not merely a dietary preference, but rather aholistic lifestyle choice guided by concerns for animal rights, environmentalconsciousness, and ethical principles. While the participants mostly regardanimal-based medical practices and pharmaceuticals as ethically problematic,they acknowledge the necessity of resorting to such treatments inlife-threatening situations, creating a moral dilemma. Similarly, traditional healingmethods can also involve the use of animal-derived substances, posing furtherethical challenges for vegans. Nonetheless, the existence of purely plant-basedremedies sparks interest among participants as a potential avenue foralternative healing. The study underscores that meticulously plannedplant-based diets can be nutritionally adequate and underscores the necessityfor improved medical education and awareness regarding veganism. Overall, thefindings highlight the importance of addressing veganism's ethical andhealth-related dimensions comprehensively, signifying the need for innovativeapproaches to formulate health practices free from animal exploitation.
38 - 56
Keywords: Veganism, Animal rights, Ethnomedicine, Traditional healing, Modern medicine, Health ethics
Ibrahim GEDIK,Ilke CIRITCI
Re-use of Industrial Heritage Buildings; The Importance of Local Community Participation in Decision Making and Modeling
Abstract
The re-functioning of industrialheritage buildings represents an important area in terms of both preservinghistorical heritage and adapting to current urban needs. By adapting industrialareas that have lost their function to social and economic functions, socialmemory and cultural identity are preserved, culture is maintained, andsustainability is contributed to by re-evaluating existing buildings. Thisstudy examines the process of adaptive re-use of industrial heritage buildingsand the importance of local community participation in this process. Involvinglocal people in projects facilitates the social acceptance of transformationprocesses and ensures that the spaces are shaped in line with the needs of thepublic. In this context, public consultation makes it possible to reshape thespace in harmony with its historical memory. The example of Coal Drops Yard hasbeen taken as a successful model for the re-functionalization of industrialheritage and public participation, and this process in London has been a sourceof inspiration for similar projects. The study emphasizes the importance ofpublic participation in the repurposing of industrial heritage sites.
57 - 65
Keywords: Industrial Heritage, Adaptive re-use, Local Community Participation
Sibel Fugan VAROL
The Denial of Coevalness in John Locke
Abstract
John Locke, who is considered oneof the pioneer thinkers of the Enlightenment, developed his theory of propertyin the seventeenth century when England occupied North American lands. Locke,who served as an administrator for the English colonies in America for a longtime and had investments in the slave trade, included such propositions in histheory of property that attempted to legitimize England's occupation of landswhere indigenous peoples lived. In this study, it is claimed that Locke'stheory of property is based on three premises. These premises are that propertybegins with labour, that lands in America are vacant and idle, and thatdifferent legal rules may apply in America than in England. Based on thesepremises, Locke argued that lands that are not fenced and cultivated areconsidered vacant and can be owned by others. It is accepted that the thinker'stheory of property based on labour was developed to support one of the partiesin the land dispute between the indigenous peoples in America and the Europeancolonists. This makes the theory in question a "political tool." Theadoption of an evolutionary development line that accepts the hunter-gatherersociety model of the native peoples in America as "backward" fromagricultural societies, the fact that he places the native peoples in a pasttime period despite living in the same time period as the colonizers anddescribes them with expressions such as "primitive" and"savage", and that this attitude is intentional indicate that thethinker's theory of property overlaps with Fabian's thesis of "denial ofcoevalness". The aim of this study, which was prepared with the literaturereview method, is to draw attention to this overlap and to contribute tostudies on Locke's theory of property in political philosophy.
66 - 78
Keywords: John Locke, Theory of Property, Denial of Coevalness, Allochronism, Colonialism
Murat SENGOZ
A Faustian Journey Through Knowledge, Power, and Ethics in Modern Society
Abstract
This study aims to examineGoethe’s Faust through a sociological lens, focusing on the ethical,epistemological, and moral crises of the modern individual. Faust’s quest forknowledge transcends a personal ambition and reflects broader structural issuesin contemporary society, such as the instrumentalization of knowledge, thesilencing of conscience, and the perpetuation of systemic inequality. Theanalysis employs a multidisciplinary theoretical framework, incorporatingZygmunt Bauman’s “liquid modernity,” Michel Foucault’s knowledge-powerrelationship, Max Weber’s concept of instrumental rationality, as well asinsights from Judith Butler, Nancy Fraser, and Carl Jung. Through thecharacters of Faust, Mephistopheles, and Gretchen, the study explores tensionsbetween individual and society, knowledge and power, conscience and ethics, andgender and marginalization. Findings suggest that the modern subject continuesto navigate Faustian dilemmas in the digital age, where identity crisis,ethical disengagement, and demands for social justice remain highly relevant.In this context, Faust emerges not only as a literary classic but also as asociological and philosophical warning text for our time.
79 - 91
Keywords: Faust, knowledge society, ethics, conscience, gender, modern subject, sociological theory
Simay EKER
Reflection of Feminism in Painting Art Between 1980 and 1990
Abstract
The femalefigure has been a powerful symbol in art history for centuries. Women have beenregarded as representations of fertility, productivity, and the concept of lifeitself. However, as societies evolved, the meaning attributed to women'sexistence has also undergone significant transformation. Works of art functionas documents that reflect collective memory. When the societal position ofwomen is examined, the reflections of historical and cultural conditions becomevisible. From the Ottoman Empire to the Republican era, women were initiallykept in the background but later became both agents of artistic production andactive participants in social transformation With the establishment of theRepublic, women gained equal rights and work opportunities alongside men andbegan to respond critically to social issues and events. The 1980s marked aturning point in which representations of women in art were reinterpreted underthe influence of Western feminist thought, giving rise to a critical discourseagainst the objectification of the female image. In patriarchal societies,imposed roles and accepted norms began to be questioned, leading to theemergence of identity-based struggles. The transition from rural to urban life,women's entry into the workforce, and their increasing say in family dynamics,along with the ideological tensions of the time, became central themes in thework of women artists. During this period, female artists not only establishedtheir own artistic language but also gained visibility in the art world throughdiverse installation practices.
This studyfocuses on the artistic representations of women artists in relation tofeminist thought during the years 1980–1990. The works of artists such as FüsunOnur, Nur Koçak, Neşe Erdok, Nil Yalter, and Gülsün Karamustafa serve assignificant tools in interpreting the identity debates and gender-basedapproaches of the period. The research was conducted using a qualitative methodwithin the framework of feminist art theory and was supported by documentaryreview and descriptive analysis techniques.
92 - 104
Keywords: Art, Woman, Painting, Gender
Yasemin KOC,Isa CELIK
The Course of The Agricultural Sector in Employment: Changes in Türkiye and Future Outlook
Abstract
This study provides a structuralanalysis of employment in Türkiye's agricultural sector and its components. Forthis purpose, firstly, the concepts related to the definition and scope ofagricultural jobs are emphasized. Following the conceptual framework, annualmacro data on agriculture from Turk Stat for the period 2013-2024 are used.According to the last ten years of data, agricultural employment has been on adownward trend. In 2013, the number of agricultural employees was approximately6 million, while in 2024 it was approximately 4 million 700 thousand. In this case,the share of agriculture in total employment has fallen from 20% to less than15%.
In the structural analysis ofagricultural employment, the employment rates of agriculture across sectors andtheir changes over time, the characteristics of the agricultural labor force,forms of employment, migration and displacement, technological changes andtheir effects on the labor force were evaluated. In addition, agriculturalemployment is discussed in more detail with current data on wages, jobsecurity, unpaid family workers and demographic changes. Under theseconditions, it has been difficult to classify the agricultural labor force.However, the characteristics of the agricultural labor force were evaluatedbased on the concepts of migration, informality and seasonal work. As can beseen from the literature review, these concepts have been frequently studied.However, there is no recent assessment of the state of agricultural employment.Therefore, in the present study, the present and future of agriculturalemployment are analyzed from different perspectives.
105 - 115
Keywords: Agricultural sector, employment, labor force characteristics.